Three Tragic Heroes in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay

In Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and Frankenstein’s Creation reach similar conclusions humanity by seafaring to the North Pole, delving into the dark depths of science, and observing the rejecting nature of humans. The three tragic heroes Walton, Frankenstein and the Creation are all character doubles in their initial enthusiasm for knowledge, inner dualist personalities, religiously glorified personal goals, possessive relationships and negative effects of gaining knowledge. The three character’s views of humanity are a microcosm of the culturally accepted importance of beauty, and how the culmination of knowledge can be blinding and lead to utter ruination. Robert Walton explores the North†¦show more content†¦The combination of his own motivation and the encouragement of his professor Waldman, Frankenstein possesses a â€Å"supernatural enthusiasm† for the study of galvanism and has no check on reality except for the disapproval of his father (Shelley 56). Frankenstein thinks that he can ‘play God’ in his studies at Ingolstadt and is a â€Å"disciple† of the ‘religion’ of galvanism that Waldman preaches (Shelley 54). Frankenstein believes that his exploration in the â€Å"hiding-places† of nature was a heavenly and glorified thing, however it turns out to be â€Å"thing such as Dante could not have conceived,† and is more related to hell than the pursuits of God (Shelley 58, 61). Frankenstein uses his power to mock God, and insinuates his power of making ‘life’ equal to God’s power of creating human birth. This mockery of God causes his own ruination, and thus loses his family and friends to the one thing he throws his whole life away on, the Creation. The Creation’s first knowledge of mankind is that humanity will only accept him if he is physically appealing because of the initial rejection from his creator, Frankenstein. Thus, the Creation or ‘monster’ devotes himself to learning how to make his ‘protectors,’ or the De Lacy Family, his friends through reason. He gathers wood for the family and stops stealing their food, demonstratingShow MoreRelatedVictor Frankenstein: Epic Hero Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pages the zombie era is truly coming to life, and it is easy to figure out where this idea originated. The historic book Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley describes a man who creates a creature out of dead body parts of humans. Although this monster was meant for good purposes, it eventually leads to destruction including multiple murders. However, Victor Frankenstein can actually be determined as a hero by the ways in which he fits within the interpretation of an epic hero. GregoryRead MoreThe Development and Change of the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein3845 Words   |  16 PagesChange of the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein The structure of Frankenstein begins as an epistolary, narrative story by Robert Walton to his sister (Mrs Saville) in England. Walton’s letters tell us that he is exploring, searching for what lies beyond the North Pole and that he longs for fame and glory. Walton and Frankenstein connect in this novel as they both seek and have a thirst for knowledge. For Walton it is his exploration, for Frankenstein it is to discover

Drug Testing Welfare Recipients - 1395 Words

In 2010, 17.5% of unemployed adults collecting some sort of welfare failed drug tests. In 2011, 23.8% of welfare recipients admitted to using illegal drugs, including marijuana. The problem the United States if facing is that welfare recipients are using the cash they are given to purchase illegal drugs. Many of these people purchasing illegal drugs had prior illegal drug abuse problems and some of these people believe that since they are given this â€Å"free† money, they can continue on with these addictions instead of finding the help they need to get back onto their own two feet. Many employers ask all of their job applicants for a drug test to even be considered for the job, so why shouldn’t the government ask the same for people looking†¦show more content†¦Arizona was the first state to establish a temporary requirement for the fiscal year of 2011-2012 followed by Florida and Missouri. There are a lot of companies that require any job applicant to submit a drug test. According to the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 66% of substance abusers age 18 and older were employed. Employers spend between thirty and fifty dollars per test per person. Employees find that substance abusers increase employee turnover which end up costing them more money in the long run because of the cost of training. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration conducted a study in 2007 that said substance abusers change jobs as often as three times a year. Employers that require drug testing saw a 16% decrees in employee turnover rates. Another reason an employer may require drug testing is because people with no substance abuse problems are more productive. People with substance abuse problems are also 2.5 times more likely to call into work. Companies who require drug testing also saw a 50% decrease in workers compensation clams. So in the long run, employers end up saving a lot of time and money by drug testing all job applican ts. If 60% of employers are requiring job applicants who pay thousands of dollars a year in taxes to take a drug test, shouldn’t the government be requiring the same drug testing for people who are receiving welfare money? Many taxShow MoreRelatedDrug Testing For Welfare Recipients1347 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Since the reformation of welfare in 1996, nearly all states have attempted to pass legislation to require the use of drug testing among welfare recipients. Thirteen states have passed legislation and there are currently seven states testing applicants for drugs. The results have been somewhat anticlimactic, as the number of positive drug test results is lower than the national average. There are many concerns surrounding the issue of drug testing welfare recipients, including the cost, constitutionalityRead MoreDrug Testing Welfare Recipients913 Words   |  4 PagesIf the drug testing is implemented, of course, there will always be those who feel violated, but what about the taxpayer’s rights? Do they have that right to know how their money is being spent? The problem with this development is there are so many ways to cheat and test clean. In theory that is true, but in reality not so sure because there are different types of testing. The main one is urinating in a cup and we all know that can be tampered with, but what about the hair strand, how is that possibleRead MoreThe Drug Of Drug Testing Welfare Recipients912 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Testing Welfare Recipients To test or not to test has been has been the question at hand for many states that are dealing with whether or not to pass the law that welfare recipients should or should not be drug tested in order to receive assistance from the government. Florida was the first state to mandate the law in 2011 and thereafter twenty four other states in the last year have also passed this law in our own state of Oklahoma being one of them. Although alcohol is legal it is abused farRead MoreDrug Testing Welfare Recipients Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesin order to obtain a job, some people go through drug testing while drug and alcohol abusers receive free, no strings attached, financial assistance (see appendix A)? Food stamps and Medicaid are provided to low and no income Americans who would otherw ise do without. According to heritage.org, a majority of the illegal drug use in American adults is tied to unemployed citizens. While there are many people who disagree with testing welfare recipients, the truth is that the pros greatly outweigh theRead MoreShould Drug Testing Welfare Recipients? Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of drugs is an immense problem in today’s society. The big question is, is it a problem within the welfare system? Drug use isn’t just a problem of poverty; it’s found among all groups and classes. As said in Jamelle Bouies article, The Myth of Drug Use and Welfare, â€Å"The myth of welfare recipients spending their benefits on drugs is just that—a myth. And indeed, in Utah, only 12 people out of 466—or 2.5 percent—showed evidence of drug use after a mandatory screening.† Drug testing welfare recipientsRead MoreMandatory Drug Testing For Welfare Recipients1526 Words   |  7 PagesBreez Arann Ms. Holiday English 12 11/04/15 Mandatory Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients When the United States’ welfare program was created during the Great Depression, it was meant to temporarily relieve the burdens of the one-fourth of American families who were unemployed, and struggling financially. President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act in 1935, then amended it in 1939 to create programs to assist families with unemployment compensation, and to create government agenciesRead MoreMandatory Drug Testing For Welfare Recipients1613 Words   |  7 Pagestime-welfare reform. New screening processes, often considered a direct violation of constitutional rights, have already been enacted in many states. Strong evidence exists, asserting that the practice of administering drug testing to welfare recipients will cost the U.S. taxpayers more money in the long run, stigmatize applicants and participants, and serve only the purpose of making the pharmaceutical companies more powerful. In order to protect the constitutional rights of potential we lfare recipientsRead MoreShould Drug Testing Welfare Recipients?1679 Words   |  7 Pageswho test positive for drugs should be able to receive welfare. It was an argument that flooded social media, arguments filling comments with opinions. It is a subject that continues to be discussed within our peer groups, our communities, and our states. This paper will discuss the opinions of individual’s within the country, the beneficial factors of drug testing welfare recipients as well as the unbeneficial factors, as well as who decides if drug testing welfare recipients goes into effect or notRead MoreDrug Testing for Welfare Recipients Essay2111 Words   |  9 PagesThe history of social welfare can be traced back to ancient times, but the time most influential to the start of social welfare programs in the United States occurred during the great depression. In 1935, then President Theodore Roosevelt introduced the Social Security Act. This act guaranteed pensions, unemploymen t insurance, and help for children and the disabled. The Works Progress Administration was also put in to place and helped unemployed people find jobs (HISTORY.COM-New Deal). A propositionRead MoreBenefits of Drug Testing for Welfare Recipients Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Random drug screening involves the experimental analysis that utilizes specimens such as saliva, hair, blood or urine in order to determine the presence of certain drugs or their metabolites. These tests are usually done to ascertain the presence or absence of prohibited drugs or steroids. On the other hand, the state welfare assistance/ government assistance is a government funded program that was started in 1930 during which period US citizens and the rest of the world were facing

Jeffersonian Era †Dbq Free Essays

Rinya Kamber AP US 3rd 10/10/11 Jeffersonian Era – DBQ The period between 1815 and 1825 was inaccurately dubbed the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings. † Despite the relatively low political opposition and boom of westward expansion and economy, bigger problems such as the economic bust as well as the differing beliefs of northern and southern states threatened the strength and unity of the nation during this time. After the war of 1812, the surge of nationalistic feelings took place, but, simultaneously, there were underlying forces of sectionalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Jeffersonian Era – Dbq or any similar topic only for you Order Now Economic and demographic expansion led to a positive, nationalistic view of the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings,† but also had its setbacks. As John C. Calhoun- a US representative who suggested the idea of federal funding for internal improvements- stated in 1817, â€Å"We are great, and rapidly- I was about to say fearfully- growing. This is out price and danger, our weakness and our strength. † One cause of this rapid growth was high foreign demands for American farm goods in 1819 due to the agricultural disruption Napoleon’s excursions were causing in Europe. While this sudden demand increase led to territorial expansion, it also dropped crop prices significantly and caused the US Bank to give out less loans, credit, and mortgages, causing an economic bust. Another nationalistic contributor to the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† was the growth of white settlement and trade in the west. Depicted by John Krimmel, American citizens’ festivities during the Fourth of July ceremony in 1819 clearly show that strong nationalistic awareness of the time. If one observes the density of population in 1820, it is clear that there is a surge of westward expansion into the Old Northwest and Old Southwest- especially after Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchase in 1803. With Jackson’s victory in the Seminole War and the Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819, Florida was now a US territory. All of these economic and demographic expansions added to the ‘good feelings’ during this particular time period. Not much political turmoil occurred initially, but there were many deeply-rooted issues that needed confrontation such as disputes between northern and southern states’ beliefs on government and slavery. Republican Monroe had little difficulty during the presidential election of 1820. With the decline of the Federalist Party, he faced no serious opposition. Then, with the election of 1824, support was dispersed and Jackson technically won both the Popular Vote as well as the Electoral Vote, as seen in the visual and informational comparative maps of the two elections. Yet, Adams took the Presidency anyway. Jacksonians resented this and therefore haunted Adams’ term in office, which led to the sectionalism occurring in the so-called â€Å"Era of Good Feelings. † Differences between northern and southern states also led to divisions. In the north, people favored a strong centralized government with an industrial economy whereas in the south, an agrarian society that gave more local power to the individual states was favored. These differences are clearly pointed out by John Randolph (a southerner) in 1816: â€Å"†¦favoring the manufacturers†¦while agriculturists bear the whole brunt of the war and taxation, and remain poor, while the others run in the ring of pleasure, and fatten upon them. † Another issue dividing the states was the question of slavery. Jefferson described the â€Å"momentous question† as a â€Å"fireball in the night†¦a new irritation that will mark deeper and deeper. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 allowed the new state to enter the Union under two circumstances: that Maine would also enter the union as a free state, keeping the balance, and that under the Tallmadge Agreement, restrictions on slavery would be put into play. Political disagreements, differences in northern and southern states’ beliefs, and issues that were aroused with the creation of new states all contributed to the growing sectionalism and are reason to believe that the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† was not such a good era after all. How to cite Jeffersonian Era – Dbq, Papers

Nursing Case Study Of Aggressive Prostate Cancer Patient - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Case Study of Aggressive Prostate Cancer Patient. Answer: Introduction: The nursing profession entails caring for individuals, their family and even communities in order to achieve, maintain or recover mental and physical well being and quality of life. It also includes promoting well being, preventing illness, and caring for the ill, disabled or dying individuals (who.int, 2018). Nursing philosophy therefore is based on several ethical axioms that ensure respect to human rights (icn.ch, 2018). The ethical codes include: beneficence, non-malfeasance, fidelity, autonomy, justice and integrity (Shahriari, Bahrami, Abbaszadeh Bahrami, 2018). Several dilemmas are caused while trying to maintain the ethical code of conduct in nursing, and can include issues related to informed consent, disclosure of medical conditions and incompetence among peers (Cherry Jacob, 2016; Zahedi et al., 2013). Jie (2015) pointed out that nowadays, nurses face an increased number of situations of moral dilemma, and this is especially while caring for terminal patients. Gibbs Model: Description of scenario The patient Mr X (name withheld to protect patients privacy) is a 60 year old gentleman suffering from aggressive prostate cancer, and was being treated in the oncology department of a general hospital in Malaysia. The diagnosis was done 5 years ago, however the patient chose to opt for alternative treatment, and refused medical or surgical intervention. The patient also did not follow up with any urologist over the last five years and currently the patient has been diagnosed of anaemia and hypoproteinemia. Subsequent diagnostics showed the local spread of the cancer to the lymph nodes and metastasis to the bones, while the primary tumour invaded the bladder, partially blocking the left kidney. Over the last 3 months, Mr X was admitted repeatedly to the hospital, that last admission was after a cystectomy that showed more extensive growth of the tumour, after which further surgical and medical treatment was deemed inappropriate, and the patient was recommended palliative care. After this, the patient resigned to the fact that he was about to die, and confided in me about his wish to kill himself, and stop his suffering, and requested me not to divulge this to anyone else. However, upon serious consideration of the request, and its consequences, I had to report this incident to my supervisors, after which intervention was planned for the patient, to help him overcome his emotional trauma. He was provided palliative care, and stopped showing any signs of suicide attempt. He passed away peacefully after 2 days of being discharged, in the midst of his family and friends. Feelings in the scenario: This was a difficult situation for me, since fulfilling the patients wish and being silent of his plan to end his own life had a serious ethical conundrum. As per Beauchamp Walters (1982), ethical dilemma is a situation where an individual has to choose between mutually exclusive alternatives, while Chally Loriz (1998) suggested that ethical dilemmas occurs while choosing between two or more, morally correct but mutually exclusive issues. In the scenario described above, my moral dilemma was due to conflicting moral principles. One that dictates respect for beneficence and autonomy of patients decisions, and other that emphasizes on non beneficence, fidelity and integrity. Respecting the wish of the patient not to divulge his plan of suicide would be in agreement to the principles of autonomy (respecting patients wishes) and beneficence (as the patient feels his suffering can be stopped only with his death). However, doing so will also jeopardize the principles of Non-Malfeasance (ensuring no ham is done to the patient, either intentionally or unintentionally), fidelity (maintaining the virtue of caring) and integrity (ensuring ethical practice is maintained in nursing care). Also, divulging the wish of the patient can have judiciary implications, as it can lead to discrimination of the patient, and breach his trust and confidentiality (Kelley et al., 2015; Saunders, 2017). Evaluation of the experience: Ethical dilemmas can be caused due to logical incompatibility between two opposing principles, especially in moral situations, where two different principles are applicable, but following one principle can cause violation of the other. Effectively, regardless of the choice, one moral principle will be violated (Ganz, Wagner Toren, 2015; Christensen et al., 2014). This justified the evaluation and prioritization of the conflicting principles, trying to understand which principle should take precedence over other, and following that. The preference will be given as per action that can have most benefit and least harm for the patient. Since obeying the patients wishes would have resulted in the patient attempting suicide, and thus risking his life, while not doing so would mean breach of trust, confidentiality as well as show disrespect to patient autonomy, but would not cause loss of life, I decided to respect the principle of non malefiscence. Furthermore, it also was in accordance w ith my principles of integrity of ensuring care being provided to the patient, and reports any situation that can lead to the harm of the patient. Analysis of the situation: A good action is one that can minimise suffering and maximise well being. This axiom is a part of the utilitarian principle, and is fundamental to ethics, and dictates that morally correct action should have the best outcome for the most number of people (de Lazari-Rad Singer, 2017; Felzmann, 2017). In my scenario, choosing to report the incident to the authorities would not only prevent the patient from harming himself, but also protect the concerns of the patients family and also prevent jeopardy to the healthcare staff (in the event of patient committing suicide in the hospital premise). This can be justified by the consideration on how suicide can have negative impact on family and healthcare staff, and can cause a sense of guilt, shame or upset (Peters et al., 2016; Pitman et al., 2014). Therefore my analysis considered it morally wrong to keep the patients intent a secret. Conclusion: Incidents of patients attempting to harm themselves or end their lives are becoming increasingly common in nursing practice (Jie, 2015). This necessitates critical analysis of the ethical dilemmas posed by such situations. Since nurses have an ethical and moral responsibility of providing care for the sick, disabled and elderly, any moral and ethical challenges to the providence of proper care should be studied. Action Plan: The action plan that I followed in this scenario was to repost the incident to my supervisors, which allowed the prompt implementation of an intervention to help the patient. The effectiveness of the intervention was exhibited by the patient finally deciding not to attempt suicide, and was subsequently discharged. References: Beauchamp, T. L., Walters, L. (1982). Contemporary issues in bioethics. Chally, P. S., Loriz, L. (1998). Ethics in the trenches: Decision making in practice.AJN The American Journal of Nursing,98(6), 17-20. Cherry, B., Jacob, S. R. (2016).Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Christensen, J. F., Flexas, A., Calabrese, M., Gut, N. K., Gomila, A. (2014). Moral judgment reloaded: a moral dilemma validation study.Frontiers in psychology,5, 607. de Lazari-Radek, K., Singer, P. (2017).Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Felzmann, H. (2017). Utilitarianism as an Approach to Ethical Decision Making in Health Care. InKey Concepts and Issues in Nursing Ethics(pp. 29-41). Springer, Cham. Ganz, F. D., Wagner, N., Toren, O. (2015). Nurse middle manager ethical dilemmas and moral distress.Nursing ethics,22(1), 43-51. icn.ch. (2018).Code of Ethics for Nurses.Icn.ch. Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.icn.ch/who-we-are/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/ Jie, L. (2015). The patient suicide attempt An ethical dilemma case study.International Journal Of Nursing Sciences,2(4), 408-413. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2015.01.013 Kelley, M., James, C., Alessi Kraft, S., Korngiebel, D., Wijangco, I., Rosenthal, E., ... Lee, S. S. J. (2015). Patient perspectives on the learning health system: The importance of trust and shared decision making.The American Journal of Bioethics,15(9), 4-17. Peters, K., Cunningham, C., Murphy, G., Jackson, D. (2016). Helpful and unhelpful responses after suicide: Experiences of bereaved family members.International journal of mental health nursing,25(5), 418-425. Pitman, A., Osborn, D., King, M., Erlangsen, A. (2014). Effects of suicide bereavement on mental health and suicide risk.The Lancet Psychiatry,1(1), 86-94. Saunders, B. (2017). First, do no harm: Generalized procreative non?maleficence.Bioethics,31(7), 552-558. Shahriari, M., Bahrami, E., Abbaszadeh, A., Bahrami, M. (2018).Nursing ethical values and definitions: A literature review.PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3748548/ who.int. (2018).Nursing.World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.who.int/topics/nursing/en/ Zahedi, F., Sanjari, M., Aala, M., Peymani, M., Aramesh, K., Parsapour, A. et al. (2013).The Code of Ethics for Nurses.PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 6 February 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3712593/

THE CLOUDS Essay Example For Students

THE CLOUDS Essay A monologue from the play by Aristophanes NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Aristophanes: The Eleven Comedies. Trans. Anonymous. London: The Athenian Society, 1922. STREPSIADES: Great gods! will these nights never end? will daylight never come? I heard the cock crow long ago and my slaves are snoring still! Ah! twas not so formerly. Curses on the War! has it not done me ills enough? Now I may not even chastise my own slavesthey never wake the whole long night, but, wrapped in five coverlets, fart away to their hearts content. Come! let me nestle in well and snore too, if it be possible oh! misery, tis vain to think of sleep with all these expenses, this stable, these debts, which are devouring me, thanks to this fine cavalier, my own son, who only knows how to look after his long locks, to show himself off in his chariot and to dream of horses! And I, I am nearly dead, and my liability falling due. Slave! light the lamp and bring me my tablets. Who are all my creditors? Let me see and reckon up the interest. What is it I owe? Twelve min? to Pasias What! twelve min? to Pasias? Why did I borrow these? Ah! I know! Twas to buy that thoroughbred, which cost me so dear. Oh! curses on the go-between who made me marry your mother! I lived so happily in the country, a commonplace, everyday life, but a good and easy onehad not a trouble, not a care, was rich in bees, in sheep and in olives. Then forsooth I must marry the niece of Megacles, the son of Megacles; I belonged to the country, she was from the town; she was a haughty, extravagant woman, a true C?syra. On the nuptial day, when I lay beside her, I was reeking of the dregs of the wine-cup, of cheese and of wool; she was redolent with essences, saffron, tender kisses, the love of spending, of good cheer and of wanton delights. I will not say she did nothing; no, she worked hard to ruin me. Later, when we had this boy, what was to be his name? Twas the cause of much quarrelling with my loving wife. She insisted on having some reference to a horse in his name. I wanted to name him after his grandfather. She used to fondle and coax him, saying, Oh! what a joy it will be to m e when you have grown up, to see you, like my father, Megacles, clothed in purple and standing up straight in your chariot driving your steeds toward the town. And I would say to him, When, like your father, you will go, dressed in a skin, to fetch back your goats from Phellus. Alas! he never listened to me and his madness for horses has shattered my fortune.

Various metal oxides Essay Example

Various metal oxides Essay Aim: Various metal oxides will be added to the hydrogen peroxide and the production of oxygen of the reaction mixture will determine catalysis. The volume of oxygen evolved will be observed and recorded to measure the reaction rate and the reaction rates of the different metal oxides will be compared.Scientific Background: Catalysis is the process by which the activation energy is lowered to allow the reaction to occur at less extreme conditions, during the process the catalyst does not under go any overall change. The catalyst reduces the activation energy by using a chemical route with activation energy less then the route, which would otherwise be taken in the absence of the catalyst. During catalysis the reacting substance usually undergoes a change or changes in oxidation state, therefore the catalyst must also be able to change its oxidation state. The s p block metals possess or exhibit only one oxidation state. The reason being that their oxidation state depends on the remov al of electrons from their outermost shell.The further removal of electrons will result in the penetration of stable inner shells that are filled with electrons. This would require an excessive amount of energy. As a result of this, the catalysts are not able to enter their different oxidation states and this therefore does not allow them to successfully act like a catalyst. Transition metals can form ions, which have D orbitals, which are partially filled with electrons. D orbitals are the outer most shells and they can hold up to 10 electrons and they also have similar energy levels, which allows them to overlap within each other. It is this process which allows the transition metals to have various oxidation states. The orbital possess the same energy, which enables transition metal ions to enter their different oxidation states. This therefore allows them to act as catalysts. As there are more spaces for electrons to be lost and gained the reaction can take place faster and bett er.The general equation for the experiment is:CATALYST2H2O2 O2+2H20From the equation it can be seen that Oxygen is produced in the reaction and this is what is being collected and measured in the gas syringe.Prediction: The transition metal oxides MnO2 (Manganese oxide), ZnO (Zinc Oxide) and CuO (Copper Oxide) will be compared with SiO2 (Silicon Oxide), A12O3 (Aluminium Oxide) and PbO (Lead Oxide) which are transitional metal oxides to see their action on hydrogen peroxide and therefore see if only the transition metal oxide allow catalysis or that all metal oxides allow catalysis for this reaction.Apparatus:In the experiment, 20cm3 of water and 20cm3 of hydrogen peroxide will be used.The above apparatus is easy to use and will give quick results; a stop clock will be used to see how much gas is collected in a given time. The conical flask is used to keep the solution in and the rubber bung is placed on top firmly to prevent any loss of gas, which would obviously affect results.The following oxides will be chosen for the experiment: SiO2, A12O3, PbO, MnO2, ZnO and CuO. 1 gram of each oxide shall be usedSiO2, A12O3 and PbO are not transition metal oxide, whereas MnO2, ZnO and CuO are transition metal oxide. They will be used to compare the catalytic action if any of transition and non-transition metal oxide on hydrogen peroxide.1 gram of each oxide allows a sensible amount of oxide to be used without causing a dangerously vigorous reaction to occur.Variables:The following variables will be controlled throughout the experiment:Temperature can affect the reaction rate of H2O2 decomposition. Two molecules can only react if they have enough energy, by heating a mixture the energy levels will be raised of the molecules involved in the reaction. Therefore, by increasing the temperature the molecules will move faster and collide with each other more quickly. This will increase the rate of reaction and so the temperature will be kept constant throughout the experiment by carrying it out under room temperature.Concentration and volumes of the hydrogen peroxide must be kept constant because if there are more molecules of a particular substance in a certain volume then there is more of a chance of the molecules colliding with each other. The frequency of collisions is increased which increases the rate of reaction. Thus the hydrogen peroxide must be kept constant for each run of the experiment with a metal oxide. The amount of oxide must also be kept constant for the same reasons.Particulate size could affect the rate of reaction as if the particle sizes are larger then the rate of reaction will be slower because there is a smaller surface area for the substance to react on. By crushing the catalysts to have the same particle sizes this can be controlled.The key variable is the one, which will be the one, which is varied in the experiment. In this case it will be the metal oxide used in the experiment, which will be varied.Preliminary Experiment:A p reliminary experiment was carried out using the same apparatus and the catalysts used were manganese oxide, iron oxide and lead (iv) oxide. The manganese oxide worked well as a catalyst but no results could be collected as the reaction went to quickly. This is most probably due to the amount of oxide being too much. No results were collected for iron oxide, and lead (iv) oxide because they did not produce any gas and therefore did not work as catalysts. The apparatus seemed appropriate however, a clamp stand was not used to hold the syringe up and so the apparatus can be modified so that the gas syringe is supported by the clamp stand. The other modifications, which need to be made, are the catalysts being used and amount of oxide. The amount of oxide used in the preliminary experiment was 2 grams and so this can be reduced to 1 gram to decrease the rate of the reaction so that a good set of results can be collected.Method:1 Measure out using a measuring cylinder 20cm3 water and 20 cm3 hydrogen peroxide and add to a conical flask.2- Using the balance to weigh out accurately 1 gram of MnO2.3- Using the filter paper used to weigh the oxide add the oxide to the hydrogen peroxide, and immediately stopper the flask with the connecting tube attached to the bung.4- Immediately start the stop clock and see how much gas is collected the gas evolved will push the syringe itself; therefore do not touch the syringe. Readings should be taken every 10 seconds.5- Record how much gas if any is collected until the syringe stops moving itself.6- Repeat the experiment with MnO2 so three sets of results can be collected to find an average.7- Do 1-6 with the remaining oxides and tabulate the results.Safety:* Hydrogen peroxide is a corrosive liquid and should therefore be used sensibly and eye and skin contact should be prevented.* Manganese IV Oxide is harmful and again skin contact should be avoided.* An overall should be worn when handling hydrogen peroxide.* Goggles should be w orn when adding the oxide to the peroxide, although they are not needed throughout the rest of the experiment.Reliability of Results:* When collecting the gas, the attachment of the rubber bung should be very quick to minimise any loss of gas.* The hydrogen peroxide should be measured out accurately. The oxides should also be weighed accurately using an accurate balance.* The oxides should all be in solid powdered form and not in any other form, as this will effect how the catalysts react with the hydrogen peroxide. If the surface area is different on the catalysts then they will react more/less violently.* The apparatus should be cleaned after each run with water to remove any impurities that may affect the next experiment.* The timing of each experiment should be accurate and a digital stop clock should be used.All theses steps should ensure that reliablePrecision and Accuracy:* The balance is a precision instrument with an accuracy of 0.01 grams. This is sufficient for the task a t hand.* The syringe is accurate to 1cm3, however it can be seen when the syringe marker is halfway through the points so the results can be recorded to an accuracy of 0.5cm3.Results: The following tables show the amount of oxygen evolved from each catalyst and the three readings taken are also listed.Time from start of exp. (s)Volume of gas produced by MnO2 (cm3)Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Average109.56.54.56.82015.512.511.513.23024191720.04029.5272527.25035.536.52933.7604444.536.541.770494843.546.88054.55249.552.09057.5565255.210060.562.556.559.811064.56460.563.01206868.56466.813074726871.314076757374.7150827977.579.516087.583.58083.717093.588.583.588.51809593.58691.5190100948894.02001009590.595.2The line graph on the next page shows the average amount of oxygen produced by manganese oxide against time in seconds. Adding up all the readings and dividing by all the readings taken i.e. 3 have found the average.The following table shows the amount of oxygen evolved in a certain amount of time from the catalyst PbO.Time from start of exp. (s)Volume of gas produced by PbO (cm3)Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Average104554.72055.55.55.3306666.04076.56.56.7507.576.57.0607.576.57.0707.576.57.0807.576.57.0907.576.57.01007.576.57.01107.576.57.01207.576.57.01307.576.57.01407.576.57.01507.576.57.01607.576.57.01707.576.57.01807.576.57.01907.576.57.02007.576.57.0On the next page is a graph with a line of best fit representing the results in the last column above, which represents the average results.The following table shows the amount of oxygen evolved in a certain amount of time by the catalyst Al2O3.Time from start of exp. (s)Volume of oxygen produced by Al2O3 (cm3)Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Average103232.7203232.73032.53.53.0403.543.53.7503.543.53.7603.54.543.87044.544.28044.544.2904544.31004544.31104.55.544.71204.55.54.54.81304.55.54.54.814055.54.55.015055.54.55.016055.555.217055.555.218055.555.219055.555.220055.555.2On the following page the graph for the results above ha s been included. Only the average results are shown.The following table shows how much gas is evolved from the catalyst Copper Oxide (CuO):Time from start of exp. (s)Volume of oxygen produced by CuO (cm3)Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Average102322.3203433.3304544.3405655.3505.575.56.06067.55.56.3706.5866.8807.58.567.3908967.71008.5967.811099.568.21209.51068.51301010.568.8140101169.0150101169.0160101169.0170101169.0180101169.0190101169.0200101169.0The graph on the following page shows the average amount of gas produced by Copper oxide in a certain amount of time.The following table shows the amount of oxygen produced by Silicon Oxide (SiO2) on every run of the experiment.Time from start of exp. (s)Volume of gas produced by SiO2Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Average101121.3202232.330333.53.2403.543.53.750453.54.2604.553.54.3704.553.54.3804.553.54.3904.553.54.31004.553.54.31104.553.54.31204.553.54.31304.553.54.31404.553.54.31504.553.54.31604.553.54.31704.553.54.31804.553.54.31904.553.54.32004 .553.54.3The graph on the next page shows the average amount of gas produced by Silicon Oxide.The table shows the amount of oxygen evolved from the hydrogen peroxide solution and the Zinc oxide catalyst.Time from start of exp. (s)Volume of gas produced by ZnO (cm3)Reading 1Reading 2Reading 3Average106444.7207.5566.2308677.0409788.05010899.0601191010.070129.51110.88012.51011.511.3901310.51211.810013.51112.512.311014.511.51313.0120151213.513.513016121414.014016121414.015016121414.016016121414.017016121414.018016121414.019016121414.020016121414.0On the next page is a graph to show the average amount of oxygen evolved from zinc oxide and hydrogen peroxide solution.Analysis:It can be seen that there is a pattern in the results and this pattern indicates that as the reaction starts more and more gas is produced but as it continues the reaction begins to slow down and not as much gas is produced as the volume of reactants is decreasing. The reaction finishes when no more oxygen is produced . There is a directly proportional relationship between the time and the volume of gas produced; as time increases more gas is produced however, this is only up to a certain point, when the reaction is running at its highest potential it can no longer produce oxygen. Giving the example of manganese oxide, at 20 seconds it was at 15cm3 and then at 70 seconds it was 49cm3. This re-enforces the conclusion gathered above. However, from the graphs of the other catalysts, it can be seen that they differ from manganese oxide.Each graph has to be analysed individually as they each follow a slightly different pattern. Below each graph has been analysed to further show what they allude to.Graph 1 shows the amount of oxygen evolved with the transition metal catalyst manganese oxide. It can be noticed instantly that as times increases the volume of gas being produced increases however, the gradient of the curve decreases i.e. the volume of oxygen being evolved rapidly decreases. It can be seen that at the beginning the line of best fit is steepest and so this shows that the reaction is running at its best towards the beginning. It can be seen that more gas is being produced at the beginning, if one looks between 20 and 30 seconds the difference between the amounts of gas evolved is 6.8cm3 and between 180 and 190 seconds the difference is 3.4. This shows that the rate of reaction is decreasing because the catalyst can no longer produce anymore oxygen and the reaction is running at its highest. The maximum amount of gas evolved from manganese oxide is 95.5cm3.Graph 2 shows the amount of oxygen evolved with the metal oxide Lead oxide. It can be seen that at first the amount of gas is increasing by a large amount each time but as time goes on the difference in the amount of gas produced is decreasing. This shows that the reaction is slowing down and the reactants have been used up in the reaction so there is no more gas being produced.Graph 3 shows the amount of oxygen evolve d with the metal oxide aluminium oxide. It can be seen that initially there is a steep increase in the volume of gas evolved over the first 10 seconds. There is then a gradual increase over the next 80 seconds after which point the graph begins to plateau. After 160 seconds no more gas is evolved from the reaction as it has produced as much as it can. The reaction has ended as all the reactants have reacted together.Graph 4 shows the amount of oxygen evolved with the transition metal catalyst copper oxide. It can be seen that there is a steady increase in gas that is being evolved. There are very few anomalous results on the graph and they have been circled. They could have occurred due to misreading the gas syringe and recording incorrect results.Graph 5 shows the amount of oxygen evolved with the metal oxide silicon oxide. The gas evolves quite slowly and the reaction completes in 60 seconds.Graph 6 shows the amount of oxygen evolved with the transition metal catalyst zinc oxide. The reaction starts off very quickly and completes in between 130-140 seconds.As the prediction made was to compare the transition metal oxides to metal oxides it could be seen from the graphs that MnO2, CuO and ZnO work best as catalysts as they produce the most amount of gas. The other catalysts did not work as well and did not produce very good results. The reason for the transition metals to work so well is because transition metal atoms have the space and energy to allow the catalysts to have variable oxidation states whereas the other metal oxides are not capable of doing this as they do not have the same set of sub-shells as the transition metal oxides. The transition metal oxides have d-orbitals, which is a sub-shell with similar levels of energy, which allows the electrons to overlap and jump from being in one oxidation state to another. However, the metal oxides do not have d-orbitlas but just S and P sub-shells.Evaluation:The experimental techniques that were used can be said to be suitable for the task at hand. It can be said at with some catalysts the techniques may have been unsuitable however the reason for them being suitable are:1. The results obtained for some of the catalysts shows clear trend and patterns eluding to the fact that the procedure used was suitable.2. The trends and patterns identified directly correlate with the hypothesis at the beginning and the outcome of the procedure expected.3. The procedure allowed the volume of oxygen evolved to be measured.The reliability of results was high as the difference between repeated readings was small which re-enforces the reliability of the results. The procedure allowed all variables to be controlled, the temperature and concentration were maintained well and the particulate size was maintained by crushing the catalysts to the same size. The apparatus allowed precise results to be collected. Evidence for this is that the difference between repeated readings is small and the amount of anoma lous results is small thus the number of errors must be small.The plan and method that was used for this experiment can be said to be very good. The reason being that both fulfilled their intended tasks. Before the investigation, it was desired to find how different metal catalysts affect the rate of reaction and to draw conclusions, which did or did not cohere to the prediction made. This was achieved as it could be seen whether transition metal catalysts and metal catalysts had an affect on the rate of reaction.As in any investigation, errors were present despite the fact that prior to the investigation all such errors were minimised. Below the errors and problems encountered are discussed along with the improvements that could be made to avoid these problems:1. The volume of gas on the syringe could have been misread which would lead to inaccuracy of results. This could be one reason for why some anomalous results would have appeared. This can be avoided by2. The stopper was not being placed on the conical flask quick enough and so much gas was lost during this time. By the time the stopper was placed onto the conical flask, the reaction was coming to an end. To prevent further loss of gas in future experiments the following could be done:* Another individual could be asked to place the stopper on, however in this process some gas will still be lost.* A divider flask could be used which is a conical flask that is split into two sections. If the catalyst is placed in one section and the solution is another the divider flask will allow the reactants to be separate for long enough so that the stopper can be placed on. Once this has been done, the conical flask can be tipped over slightly to let the reactants mix.

Colonial Women essays

Colonial Women essays In order to fully understand and analyze a period of time, a full examination of peoples everyday life is quite necessary. Although inferior to men, the roles and status of women in eighteenth century colonial America, contributed to the prospering society. The role of the family and extended kinship ties in the lives of African Americans is seen as a unifying and supporting force in times of suffering. The role and status of an eighteenth century colonial woman was clearly an overlooked responsibility. She was required to be her husbands assistant, not his equal, but an inferior. She was expected to show her husband reverence and be Submissive to his demands. If a woman did not live up to these duties, there were often severe consequences to follow. For example, 128 men were tried for abusing their wives between 1630 and 1699. As one might expect, countless other cases never made as far as court. Women for the most part, keep at home and seldom appear in the streets, never in publick assemblies except at the churches or meetings. Clearly, men were favored before the law, a womans property becoming her husbands possession once she wed. According to the common law doctrine of coverture, she could not sue or be sued, make contracts, buy or sell property, or draft a will. Housewives were responsible for a number of duties; cooking, cleaning, sewing, spinning and gardening. In addition to trading surplus foods and goods with other women, they salted, pickled, and preserved fruits and vegetables. In the absence of ones husband, they assumed their obligations. A womans most important and most demanding responsibility was child rearing. Most women could expect to bear at least six children and delivered children at fairly regular intervals averaging every twenty to thirty months, often having the last child after ...